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Reference

Click on a function to read more.

Turtle

Function

Short description

back()

Moves the turtle backward

Example

back(100)  #the turtle moves 100 steps backward

Explanation

The function back() moves the turtle a number of steps in the opposite direction that the head is pointing.

Syntax

back(distance)

Argument

distance

Required. Number of steps the turtle moves backward.

begin_fill()

Starts filling with color

Example

#draw a filled circle
begin_fill()
circle(50)
end_fill()

Explanation

The function begin_fill() starts filling a drawn object with color. Start with begin_fill() and then draw. End with end_fill() to fill the drawn figure with color.

Syntax

begin_fill()

circle()

Draws a circle with optional radius

Example

circle(100)  #draws circle with radius 100

Explanation

The function circle() draws a circle with an optional radius. The circle is drawn by the turtle turning left, which means the circle is drawn above the turtle if the head is pointing right.

Syntax

circle(radius)

Argument

radius

Required. The radius of the circle.

color()

Determines the color the turtle draws with

Example #1

color('blue')  #draw with blue

Example #2

colormode(255)
color(240, 160, 80)  #draw with orange

Explanation

The function color() can be used in a couple of different ways to set the color. Only the most common ones are covered here.

Syntax #1

color(colorstring)

Argument #1

colorstring

A string that is a valid color. See all valid colors here.

Syntax #2

color(r,g,b)

Argument #2

How much red should be in the color (0-255).

How much green should be in the color (0-255).

How much blue should be in the color (0-255).

end_fill()

Ends filling with color

Example

#draw a filled circle
begin_fill()
circle(50)
end_fill()

Explanation

The function end_fill() ends filling a drawn object with color. Start with begin_fill() and then draw. End with end_fill() to fill the drawn figure with color.

Syntax

end_fill()

forward()

Moves the turtle forward

Example

forward(100)  #the turtle moves 100 steps forward

Explanation

The function forward() moves the turtle a number of steps in the direction that the head is pointing.

Syntax

forward(distance)

Argument

distance

Required. Number of steps the turtle moves forward.

goto()

Moves the turtle to a given coordinate

Example

goto(-100,100)  #go to (x,y) = (-100,100)

Explanation

The function goto() moves the turtle to the coordinate (x,y). The center of the drawing area is (0,0).

Syntax

goto(x,y)

Argument

Required. Where horizontally the turtle should move.

Required. Where vertically the turtle should move.

hideturtle()

Hides the turtle

Example

hideturtle()  #hides the turtle

Explanation

The function hideturtle() hides the turtle or the figure that draws. Works to use both at the beginning and end of the code.

Syntax

hideturtle()

left()

Turns the turtle left a number of degrees

Example

left(90)  #the turtle turns 90 degrees left

Explanation

The function left() lets the turtle turn a number of degrees to the left.

Syntax

left(angle)

Argument

angle

Required. Number of degrees the turtle turns left.

pendown()

Puts the pen down on the drawing area.

Example

pendown()  #the pen is now down

Explanation

The function pendown() puts the pen down on the drawing area. Only usable after penup() has been used.

Syntax

pendown()

penup()

Lifts the pen from the drawing area

Example

penup()  #the pen is now up

Explanation

The function penup() lifts the pen from the drawing area. Useful if you want to move the turtle without it drawing while moving.

Syntax

penup()

right()

Turns the turtle right a number of degrees

Example

right(90)  #the turtle turns 90 degrees right

Explanation

The function right() lets the turtle turn a number of degrees to the right.

Syntax

right(angle)

Argument

angle

Required. Number of degrees the turtle turns right.

shape()

Changes the drawing shape

Example

shape()  #default: a small arrow
shape('turtle')  #turtle
shape('arrow')  #large arrow
shape('circle')  #circle
shape('square')  #square

Explanation

The function shape() changes the drawing shape.

Syntax

shape(name)

Argument

name

A string with the name of a valid shape such as 'turtle', 'arrow', 'circle', 'square'.

Screen().setup()

Creates a drawing area with a given size

Example

Screen().setup(800,600)  #creates drawing area 800x600

Explanation

The function Screen().setup() sets the size of the drawing area. By default, the drawing area is 400x400.

Syntax

Screen().setup(width,height)

Argument

width

Required. The width of the drawing area.

height

Required. The height of the drawing area.

speed()

Sets the turtle's drawing speed

Example

speed(5)  #sets drawing speed to 5

Explanation

The function speed() sets the drawing speed.

Syntax

speed(speed)

Argument

speed

The drawing speed in the range 0-10. 1 is slow and 10 is fast. 0 gives the fastest possible drawing speed.

More turtle tasks

Here are some smaller projects to use your new knowledge.

Quick links

Flags
Figures
Graphs

Draw flags

Draw the Ukrainian, Swedish and American flags.

Create the flag of Ukraine

Draw the Ukrainian flag.

-- Output from your program will be here --

Create the flag of Sweden

Draw the Swedish flag.

-- Output from your program will be here --

Create the flag of the USA

Draw the American flag.

-- Output from your program will be here --

Figures

Draw a house and a cube.

Create a house

Draw a house. Feel free to color it. Should there be grass and flowers in the garden?

-- Output from your program will be here --

Create a 3d cube

Draw a three-dimensional cube.

-- Output from your program will be here --

Graphs

Here you can use the coordinate system that was drawn earlier to draw mathematical functions as graphs.

Graphs

The code below draws \( f(x) = x^2 \). Modify the function f(x) and draw a graph of \(f(x) = \dfrac{x^3}{5} - 2x^2 - 5x + 25\).

-- Output from your program will be here --

Status

✅You have finished all tasks in this section!
🎉

Material

Turtle course
Basics part 1
Basics part 2
Problem solving

Links

Free code
Resources
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